Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Limau Kuit Peel (Citrus hystrix) Extract with Variation of Extraction Solvent
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31964/mltj.v11i1.650Keywords:
Antioxidant, Citrus hystrix, Limau Kuit, SolventAbstract
Limau kuit (Citrus hystrix) has been traditionally utilized for its therapeutic properties, particularly the antioxidant potential of its peel. Extraction is preferred for medicinal use, with solvent selection playing a critical role in determining the yield and concentration of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to assess the characteristics and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ value) of Limau Kuit peel extract extracted with three different solvents. The research methods, starting with sample preparation, were carried out by drying Limau Kuit peel, then extraction using three different solvents: distilled water, ethanol 70%, and ethanol 96%. Extraction with distilled water solvent used the infusion method, while the ethanol solvent used the maceration method. The third extract was then characterized based on the parameters of percent yield, organoleptic testing, phytochemical screening, chromatography profile, and determination of total flavonoid levels. Antioxidant activity testing on the third extract using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The study results showed that the third extract had the same shape, color, aroma, taste, and compound content: flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The results of thin-layer chromatography also showed no difference in the third extract. The characteristic differences were found in the parameters of percent yield and total flavonoid content. The highest total flavonoid content of Limau Kuit (Citrus hystrix) peel extract was obtained using 70% ethanol (11.47% w/w), followed by 96% ethanol (6.39% w/w), and distilled water (2.82% w/w). Antioxidant activity, evaluated using the IC₅₀ value as the parameter, showed that the 70% ethanol extract exhibited the strongest activity (21.26 ppm, very strong), followed by the 96% ethanol extract (31.87 ppm, very strong), and distilled water extract (70.91 ppm, strong). This study concludes that 70% ethanol is the most effective solvent for extracting antioxidant-rich compounds from Limau Kuit peel, supporting its potential use in herbal formulations.References
Adawiyah, R., & Rizki, M. I. (2018). Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Akar Kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris Bedd) Asal Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal Pharmascience, 5(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v5i1.5788
Ariyani, H., Nazemi, M., & Kurniati, M. (2018). Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Limau Kuit (Cytrus hystrix DC) Terhadap Beberapa Bakteri. Journal Current Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1), 136–141.
Buih, P. T. J., & Susandarini, R. (2023). Karakterisasi Morfologi Citrus jambhiri Lush. Dan Hubungan Kekerabatannya dengan Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 16(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.15408/ kauniyah.v16i2.22920
Chairina, S. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Limau kuit (Citrus amblycarpa). Prodi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat.
Darsono, F., Anabella Jessica, M., & Soegianto, L. (2022). Study Efektivitas Ekstrak Kental Kulit Buah Jeruk Purut Terstandar (Citrus hystrix) Sebagai Antioksidan dan Antijerawat. Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia, 8(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2022.008.01.6
Erinda, V. Y., Oktiani, B. W., & Purwaningayu, J. (2022). Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Limau Kuit (Citrus hystrix) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis. Dentin : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi, 6(3), 133–139.
Fauziah, D. W., & Mulyani, E. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Jeruk Gerga Lebong Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi Indonesia, 11(1), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.51887/ jpfi.v11i1.1436
Halim, N. A. A., Abidin, Z. Z., Siajam, S. I., Hean, C. G., & Harun, M. R. (2021). Optimization Studies and Compositional Analysis of Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oil From Citrus hystrix DC. Leaves. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 178, 105384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105384
Hasanah, N., Dahlia, A. A., & Handayani, V. (2023). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kedondong Laut (Nothopanax fructicosum (L.) Miq) Dengan Metode Peredaman Radikal Bebas DPPH. Makassar Natural Product Journal, 1(2), 10–17.
Hesturini, R. J., Basuki, D. R., & Hardini, P. (2023). Potensi Analgesik Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Dan Daun Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix D.C.) Dan Pengamatan Makroskopis Lambung Tikus. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 16(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/ 10.48144/jiks.v16i2.1552
Irwan, A., Mustikasari, K., & Ariyani, D. (2017). Chemical Preliminary Evaluation of leaves, Peels, and Fleshs Fruit of Limau Kuit: Local Orange of South Kalimantan. Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia, 11(2), 71. https://doi.org/ 10.20527/jstk.v11i2.4040
Izma, H., Rizki, M. I., Anwar, K., Anggraeni, D., Rahmatullah, S. W., Putra, A. M. P., & Sandi, D. A. D. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract, n-Hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Mundar (Garcinia forbesii) Pericarp. JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science), 6(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.36341/ jops.v6i2.3417
Jubaidah, S., Wijaya, H., Safira, A., & Ramadhan, M. M. (2024). Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Singkil (Premna corymbosa Rottl. Et Willd) dengan DPPH secara Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Acta Holistica Pharmaciana, 6(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.62857/ahp.v6i1.160
Mahmudah, M., Darsono, P. V., & Rohama, R. (2024). Penetepan Kadar Flavonoid Ekstrak Daun Sungkai (Peronema cannescens Jack) Berdasarkan Variasi Cara Pengeringan dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-VIS. Jurnal Surya Medika, 10(1), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v10i1.7233
Moolsup, F., Tanasawet, S., Woonnoi, W., Daodee, S., Parhira, S., Chonpathompikunlert, P., Muneerungsee, N., Wongtawatchai, T., & Sukketsiri, W. (2023). Phytochemical Analysis and Impact of Citrus hystrix Peel Water Extract on Proliferation and Migration of Skin Keratinocytes by Activating FAK/Src/MAPK/Akt Pathway. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 41, 100699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100699
Mustaqimah. (2023). Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid Ekstrak Etanol Daun Karinat Dengan Metode KLT. Sains Medisina, 1(1), 169–171.
Nashucha, B. G., Niah, R., Anggraini, L., & Exliscia, W. (2019). Potensi Ekstrak Kulit Limau Banjar (Citrus reticulata) Dengan Metode Dpph Sebagai Antioksidan. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 4(2), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v4i2.323
Nurbidayah, N., Muhammad, A., Eny, H., & Nur, A. (2024). Potensi Ekstrak Etanol 96% Kulit Limau Kuit (Citrus hystrix DC) Sebagai Antibakteri Pada Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acne. Pharmacoscript, 7(2), 430–439. https://doi.org/10.36423/pharmacoscript.v7i2.1899
Nurwafa, Budiarti, L. Y., & Khatimah, H. (2023). Perbandingan Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Kulit Buah Citrus aurantifolia dan Citrus hystrix DC Sediaan Tunggal dan Kombinasi Terhadap Candida albicans. Homeostasis, 6(3), 771–780.
Pambudi, D. B., Slamet, S., & Mardiana, S. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Adas (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Dengan Metode DPPH. Pharmaceutical Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/ 10.21111/pharmasipha.v4i1.3918
Pratiwi, S. A., Februyani, N., & Basith, A. (2023). Skrining dan Uji Penggolongan Fitokimia dengan Metode KLT pada Ekstrak Etanol Kemangi (Ocium basilicum L) dan Sereh Dapur (Cymbopogon ciratus). Pharmacy Medical Journal, 6(2), 140–147.
Putra, G. M. D., Satriawati, D. A., Astuti, N. K. W., & Yadnya-Putra, A. A. G. R. (2018). Standarisasi Dan Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Jeruk Limau (Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Osche). Jurnal Kimia, 187. https://doi.org/ 10.24843/JCHEM.2018.v12.i02.p15
Qiu, Y., He, D., Yang, J., Ma, L., Zhu, K., & Cao, Y. (2020). Kaempferol Separated from Camellia oleifera Meal by High‐Speed Countercurrent Chromatography for Antibacterial Application. European Food Research and Technology, 246(12), 2383–2397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03582-0
Rahmi, N., Salim, R., Miyono, M., & Rizki, M. I. (2021). Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut Dan Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Aktivitas Antibakteri Dan Penghambatan Radikal Bebas Ekstrak Kulit Kayu Bangkal (Nauclea subdita). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 39(1), 13–26.
Riwanti, P., Izazih, F., & Amaliyah, A. (2018). Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Etanol pada Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol 50, 70 dan 96% Sargassum polycystum dari Madura. Journal of Pharmaceutical-care Anwar Medika, 2(2), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.36932/jpcam.v2i2.1
Rizki, M. I., Nurlely, N., Fadlilaturrahmah, F., & Ma’shumah, M. (2021). Skrining Fitokimia dan Penetapan Kadar Fenol Total Pada Ekstrak Daun Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer), dan Tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus) Asal Desa Pengaron Kabupaten Banjar. Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia, 4(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.36387/jifi.v4i1.667
Rizki, M. I., Rahmatullah, S. W., & Sari, A. K. (2024). Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Kadar Fenolik Total Dari Ekstrak Daun Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) Menggunakan Variasi Pelarut Ekstraksi. Borneo Journal of Pharmascientech, 08(02), 125–136.
Rizki, M. I., Sari, A. K., Kartika, D., Khairunnisa, A., & Normaidah. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Fenolik Total dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cempedak (Artocarpus Integer) dengan Metode DPPH. MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana), 4(2), 168–178.
Rizki, M. I., Triyasmono, L., & Rizky, R. A. (2023). Antioxidant Activity and Total Flavonoid Content Kalangkala Leaf Extract (Litsea angulata). Journal Current Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 696–701.
Rosida, L., Pratiwi, D. I. N., Panghiyangani, R., Utami, J. P., Maghfirah, Y. S., & Amalia, A. F. (2023). Pengaruh Ekstrak Kulit Limau Kuit (Citrus Amblycarpa Hassk) Terhadap Perlemakan Hepar Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus) Yang Diberi Diet Tinggi Lemak. An-Nadaa Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 10(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.31602/ann.v10i2.11053
Sari, A. K., Rizki, M. I., Auliani, S., Normaidah, & Khirunnisa, A. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total dan Nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Fraksi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cempedak (Artocarpus integer). Medical Sains : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 7(4), 759–768. https://doi.org/10.37874/ms.v7i4.442
Sari, D. Y., & Widyasari, R. (2022). Aktivitas Mukolitik Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Jeruk Sambal (Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse) Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Komunitas Farmasi Nasional, 2(2), 356–364.
Suryanita, S., Aliyah, A., Djabir, Y. Y., Wahyudin, E., Rahman, L., & Yulianty, R. (2019). Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Bali (Citrus maxima Merr.). Majalah Farmasi dan Farmakologi, 23(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.20956/mff.v23i1.6461
Syamsul, E. S., Amanda, N. A., & Lestari, D. (2020). Perbandingan Ekstrak Lamur Aquilaria malaccensis dengan Metode Maserasi dan Refluks. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2(2), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i2.85
Verdiana, M., Widarta, I. W. R., & Permana, I. D. G. M. (2018). Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut Pada Ekstraksi Menggunakan Gelombang Ultrasonik Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Lemon (Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm F.). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA), 7(4), 213. https://doi.org/ 10.24843/itepa.2018.v07.i04.p08.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ikhwan Rizki, Ni Kadek Ayu Agustina, Anna Khumaira Sari , Satrio Wibowo Rahmatullah, Nazhipah Isnani

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Publishing your paper with Medical Laboratory Technology Journal (MLTJ) means that the author or authors retain the copyright in the paper. MLTJ granted an author(s) rights to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially. The author(s) can reuse the figures and tables and other information contained in their paper published by MLTJ in future papers or work without having to ask anyone for permission, provided that the figures, tables or other information that is included in the new paper or work properly references the published paper as the source of the figures, tables or other information, and the new paper or work is not direct at private monetary gain or commercial advantage.
MLTJ journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. MLTJ journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:
BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.SA: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.